Publications

@article{HARAGIRIMANA2020123015,

title = {Multi-component organic/inorganic blend proton exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s for fuel cells},

author = {Alphonse Haragirimana and Na Li and Providence Buregeya Ingabire and Zhaoxia Hu and Shouwen Chen},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032386120308405},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123015},

issn = {0032-3861},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Polymer},

volume = {210},

pages = {123015},

abstract = {To enhance the dimensional and oxidative stability of highly sulfonated aromatic hydrocarbon polymer membrane is currently focused to replace expensive perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. Polyethersulfone (PES) and/or sulfonated TiO2 (sTiO2) nanoparticles as additives were incorporated into sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) (SPAES) blend membrane to balance the proton conductivity and water swelling. The blend polymer matrix contained three SPAES copolymers with different degrees of sulfonation in a weight ratio of 1:2:2 and modified blend membranes were casted and characterized using spectroscopy, thermal and mechanical stability and electrical characterization techniques. PES acted as a compatibilizer and reinforcer, which enhanced the dimensional and mechanical stability, while sTiO2 improved the effective proton mobility and proton conductivity of the modified blend membranes. Considerably, to improve physicochemical stability and fuel cell performance were achieved in the blend system, especially B-SPAES/sTiO2 and B-SPAES/PES/sTiO2, which exhibited good fuel cell performance during short-term operation. They displayed a maximum power output of 667 and 620 mW cm−2, respectively at 80 °C and 100% RH. These results show that SPAES blend membranes made from multi-component blend system have good application prospects in fuel cells.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LIU202017782,

title = {Immobilized phosphotungstic acid for the construction of proton exchange nanocomposite membranes with excellent stability and fuel cell performance},

author = {Yue Liu and Yao Lu and Alphonse Haragirimana and Ingabire Providence Buregeya and Na Li and Zhaoxia Hu and Shouwen Chen},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319920315627},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.159},

issn = {0360-3199},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},

volume = {45},

number = {35},

pages = {17782 - 17794},

abstract = {Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) has a good potential as nanofillers in nanocomposite proton exchange membrane with the prerequisite of solving the leakage issue. It is immobilized onto mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mg-C3N4) nanosheets surface, and then incorporated into sulfonated poly (aryl ether sulfone) (SPAES) membrane. Structures of the HPW/mg-C3N4 nanocomposites and corresponding SPAES/HPW/mg-C3N4 membranes are characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Fundamental properties and fuel cell performance of the fabricated nanocomposite membranes, and the leakage of HPW are investigated. Along with the highly suppressed HPW leakage, the SPAES/HPW/mg-C3N4 membranes show improved dimensional stability, water affinity and physicochemical stability, as well as better proton conductivity and fuel cell performance. At 80 °C and 60–100% RH, the SPAES/HPW/mg–C3N4–1.5 membrane exhibits 2–3.6 times peak power densities (354.9–584.2 mW/cm2) of the pristine SPAES membrane, and proton conductivity of 203 mS/cm, dimensional change less than 7.5% and weight loss of 1.4% in Fenton oxidation test at 80 °C.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BYIRINGIRO2020S45,

title = {SAT-100 ANEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ADMITTED IN A RWANDAN TERTIARY HOSPITAL: A CALL TO IMPROVE ON EARLY DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CKD},

author = {C BYIRINGIRO and G Muvunyi and J P Rwabihama and F Masaisa},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468024920301613},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.02.108},

issn = {2468-0249},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Kidney International Reports},

volume = {5},

number = {3, Supplement},

pages = {S45},

note = {ISN World Congress of Nephrology (WCN) Abstracts},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BUREGEYA2020101746,

title = {Contribution analysis to analyze the effects of the health impact assessment at the local level: A case of urban revitalization},

author = {Jean Marie Buregeya and Christine Loignon and Astrid Brousselle},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149718918303574},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.101746},

issn = {0149-7189},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Evaluation and Program Planning},

volume = {79},

pages = {101746},

abstract = {The health impact assessment (HIA) is a tool used to estimate the potential impact on health of non-health-related proposals prior to implementation. While it is increasingly used in Quebec, Canada, studies have not analyzed its medium-term impacts and potential long-term impacts. We conducted a contribution analysis using in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, as well as documents, observation and images related to HIA in order to analyze its impacts on the revitalization of road infrastructure, parks and green spaces, and residential housing. Our analysis not only reflects on the decision-making process through the adoption and implementation of HIA recommendations, but also on the link between actions implemented in the field and health outcomes. 

Résumé 

L’évaluation d’impact sur la santé (ÉIS) estime l’impact potentiel sur la santé des actions hors du champ de la santé avant leur implantation. Bien qu’elle soit de plus en plus utilisée au Canada, en particulier au Québec, les études n’ont pas analysé ses impacts intermédiaires et ses effets potentiels à long-terme. Nous avons appliqué l’analyse de contribution à l’aide d’entretiens approfondis avec les principales parties prenantes, les documents, l’observation et les images liées à l’ÉIS pour analyser ses effets sur la revitalisation des infrastructures routières, des parcs et espaces verts et des logements résidentiels. L’analyse des effets de l’évaluation d’impact sur la santé porte davantage sur le processus décisionnel en rapport à l’adoption et l’implantation des recommandations issues de l’ÉIS, mais aussi sur le lien entre les actions mises en œuvre sur le terrain et les résultats en matière de santé.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{by12019,

title = {Why Tenure Responsive Land-Use Planning Matters: Insights for Land Use Consolidation for Food Security in Rwanda},

author = {by Uchendu Eugene Chigbu 1,*OrcID,Pierre Damien Ntihinyurwa 1OrcID,Walter Timo de Vries 1OrcID andEdith Ishimwe Ngenzi 2},

url = {https://sciespace.zeolf.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ijerph-16-01354-v2.pdf},

doi = {10.3390/ijerph16081354 },

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-04-15},

journal = {International journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},

volume = {16},

number = {1354},

pages = {24},

abstract = {Land use consolidation aims to address food insecurity challenges in Rwanda. However, there is contradictory evidence on whether this tool has met food security objectives or not. This study addresses two questions: How has the land use consolidation improved (or not improved) food security at the local level? How can food security challenges be addressed using a renewed approach to land use consolidation that adopts a tenure responsive land use planning procedure? We investigate these questions in Nyange Sector (in the Musanze District) of Rwanda using mixed research methods. The study generates theoretical and policy relevant outcomes. Theoretically, it links the concept of tenure responsive land-use planning to food security improvements. Policy wise, it provides an operational framework for implementing land use consolidation to make it more responsive to food security (based on tenure responsive land-use planning measures) in Rwanda.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{membranes,

title = {Enhanced conduction capability of nanocomposite membrane of quaternized poly (arylene ether sulfone)s covalently bonded with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for fuel cells  },

author = {Providence Buregeya Ingabire, Xueting Pan, Alphonse Haragirimana, Na Li, Zhaoxia Hu⁎,

Shouwen Chen},

doi = {2019.04.006},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-04-01},

journal = {Elsevier},

pages = {12},

abstract = {As a significant element in polymer exchange membrane for fuel cells, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) should demonstrate high conductivity and good mechanical properties. Nanocomposite membranes were fab- ricated by modifying quaternary aminated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (QPAES) through incorporating various graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets content, and followed by alkalization. Hydroxide conductivity was increased from 34.3 mS/cm for the pure QPAES membrane to 46.5 mS/cm as for the composite membrane with 0.6 wt%g-C3N4 nanosheets at 80 °C, resulting from the existence of the covalent interactions between the g-C3N4 nanosheets and QPAES. Fuel cell performance using QPAES/g-C3N4–0.6 showed a maximum power density of 68.1 mW/cm2 under a current density of 151.2 mA/cm2 at 60 °C. Our study revealed that the introduction of the proper content of g-C3N4 nanosheets into QPAES membranes is an effective method to enhance the basic properties of the AEMs, mainly in the hydroxide conductivity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{HARAGIRIMANA2019209,

title = {Four-polymer blend proton exchange membranes derived from sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone)s with various sulfonation degrees for application in fuel cells},

author = {Alphonse Haragirimana and Providence Buregeya Ingabire and Yuxin Zhu and Yao Lu and Na Li and Zhaoxia Hu and Shouwen Chen},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738818333805},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.014},

issn = {0376-7388},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Membrane Science},

volume = {583},

pages = {209 - 219},

abstract = {Our objective was to prepare a novel series of four-polymer blend proton exchange membranes (PEMs) which could be used in PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). They were fabricated by the blending of four sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone)s (SPAES) copolymers, SPAES-20, SPAES-30, SPAES-40 and SPAES-50 with sulfonation degree (DS) of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively. Because of the step by step changes in DS of polymers in the four-polymer blend membranes, single-phase solutions were formed and converted into transparent and flexible membranes readily. The blend modification endowed the obtained membranes considerably improved dimensional, thermal, hydrolytic and oxidative stabilities, together with good methanol resistance at similar ion exchange capacity (IEC) level while comparing with the control membranes. Among the blend membranes, the B4 (0.5:1:2:2) membrane showed the highest proton conductivity (203.1 mS cm−1 at 90 °C and 169.2 mS cm−1 at 94.1% RH) with excellent oxidative (5.1% mass loss in Fenton's reagent at 80 °C for 1 h) and dimensional stability (<15% at 80 °C). In the H2/O2 fuel cell operation, its maximum power output achieved 467.98 mW cm−2 at 1050 mA cm−2. The SPAES blend membranes are promising for application in the PEMFCs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BONGOMIN201922,

title = {Cor pulmonale complicating chronic pulmonary aspergillosis with fatal consequences: Experience from Uganda},

author = {Felix Bongomin and Richard Kwizera and Angella Atukunda and Bruce J Kirenga},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211753919300478},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.07.001},

issn = {2211-7539},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Medical Mycology Case Reports},

volume = {25},

pages = {22 - 24},

abstract = {Cor pulmonale is a rare complication of pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). A 45-year-old Ugandan male with a history of recurrent community-acquired pneumonias was admitted with symptoms of progressive difficulty in breathing, chronic productive cough, non-exertional left sided chest pain and progressive weight loss occurring over a 12-month period. Chest CT scan and echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis of CPA with an aspergilloma complicating bronchiectasis, complicated with cor pulmonale. However, this was previously clinically misdiagnosed as PTB.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Binama2018,

title = {Blade trailing edge position influencing pump as turbine (PAT) pressure field under part-load conditions},

author = {Maxime Binama, Wen-Tao Sua, Wei-Hua Caia, Xiao-Bin Li, Alexis Muhirwa, Biao Lia, Emmanuel Bisengimana

},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.077},

doi = {10.1016},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-21},

journal = {ELSVIER},

volume = {316},

pages = {33-47},

abstract = {Small hydropower is the most preferred clean energy technology, especially in remote areas away from national electrical grid reach. Within these plants, Pump as Turbines (PATs) suffer from a very small range of optimum operating conditions, leading to a chronic vulnerability to off-design conditions and associated flow instability, as well as the resultant pressure pulsations. PAT impeller design presents a great opportunity to alter the flow dynamics within PAT flow zone, probably leading to PAT performance improvement. In this respect, the present study seeks to investigate the effect of blade trailing edge hub position on pressure field characteristics within a centrifugal PAT. Using the k-ɛ turbulence model, unsteady numerical simulations were carried on a three centrifugal PAT with different blade trailing edge hub positions, namely 15 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm. The results showed that for PAT pressure pulsations distribution, the Rotor-stator Interaction (RSI) constitutes the main influencing factor, where the Blade Passing Frequency and its harmonics were the dominant frequencies, for the three models. Moreover; different PAT models exhibited different pressure pulsation characteristics. The Rh20 model exhibited the highest level of pressure pulsation amplitudes, while the lowest level of pressure pulsation was recorded with Rh15 model.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ZHENG2018244,

title = {Cost optimization for deadline-aware scheduling of big-data processing jobs on clouds},

author = {Wei Zheng and Yingsheng Qin and Emmanuel Bugingo and Dongzhan Zhang and Jinjun Chen},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X17317296},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.12.004},

issn = {0167-739X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems},

volume = {82},

pages = {244 - 255},

abstract = {Cloud computing has been widely regarded as a capable solution for big data processing. Nowadays cloud service providers usually offer users virtual machines with various combinations of configurations and prices. As this new service scheme emerges, the problem of choosing the cost-minimized combination under a deadline constraint is becoming more complex for users. The complexity of determining the cost-minimized combination may be resulted from different causes: the characteristics of user applications, and providers’ setting on the configurations and pricing of virtual machine. In this paper, we proposed a variety of algorithms to help the users to schedule their big data processing workflow applications on clouds so that the cost can be minimized and the deadline constraints can be satisfied. The proposed algorithms were evaluated by extensive simulation experiments with diverse experimental settings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DJIRE201719,

title = {Enhanced performance for early transition metal nitrides via pseudocapacitance in protic ionic liquid electrolytes},

author = {Abdoulaye Djire and Jean Yves Ishimwe and Saemin Choi and Levi T Thompson},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388248117300334},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2017.02.001},

issn = {1388-2481},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Electrochemistry Communications},

volume = {77},

pages = {19 - 23},

abstract = {Early transition metal nitrides achieve high capacitances via a pseudocapacitive mechanism that involves redox reactions with protons at their surfaces. Typically aqueous electrolytes are the source of protons, therefore the operating voltages are limited to ~1.2V. Protic ionic liquid (PIL) based electrolytes offer the possibility of significantly higher operating voltages and energy densities. This paper describes the behavior of VN and TiN in a PIL consisting of 2-methylpyridine and trifluoroacetic acid. These nitrides can be cycled up to 2.0V in this electrolyte. Voltammograms for VN and TiN in the PIL and aqueous electrolytes were similar suggesting similar pseudocapacitive mechanisms. The use of PIL electrolytes instead of aqueous electrolytes could significantly increase the energies of nitride-based supercapacitors without significant losses in power.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KHAN201710,

title = {Preparation of anion exchange membranes from BPPO and dimethylethanolamine for electrodialysis},

author = {Muhammad Imran Khan and Chunlei Zheng and Abhishek N Mondal and Md. Masem Hossain and Bin Wu and Kamana Emmanuel and Liang Wu and Tongwen Xu},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916416313753},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.09.019},

issn = {0011-9164},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Desalination},

volume = {402},

pages = {10 - 18},

abstract = {In this research work, the synthesis of anion exchanges membranes (AEMs) from brominated poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) and dimethyethanolamine (DMEA) has been investigated for electrodialysis (ED) application. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the functional groups in the membranes. The morphology of the prepared membranes was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Physiochemical and electrochemical properties of the prepared membranes were studied in detail. The membranes possess ion exchange capacity of 0.66mmol/g to 1.38mmol/g, water uptake of 11.60% to 48.50%, volume expansion ratio of 8.58% to 20.21%, tensile strength of 32.52MPa to 49.22MPa and transport number of 0.94 to 0.98. These membranes have higher chemical stability in alkaline medium than QPPO membrane (quaternized with trimethylamine) at room temperature. The membranes DMEA-10 and DMEA-15 were selected for NaCl desalination by ED with a lab-scale electrodialysis cell at constant applied voltage. The prepared membranes DMEA-10 and DMEA-15 showed better performance than the commercial anion exchange membranes Neosepta AMX under the identical conditions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ishimwe1*2014,

title = {Applications of Thermal Imaging in Agriculture—A Review},

author = {Roselyne Ishimwe1*, K. Abutaleb1, F. Ahmed},

url = {https://sciespace.zeolf.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ARS_2014092911411645.pdf},

doi = {10.4236/ars.2014.33011},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-09-01},

journal = {Scientific Research Publishing Inc.},

volume = {03},

number = {N03},

pages = {12},

abstract = {In thermal remote sensing the invisible radiation patterns of objects are converted into visible

images and these images are called thermograms or thermal images. Thermal images can be acquired using portable, hand-held or thermal sensors that are coupled with optical systems mounted

on an airplane or satellite. This technology is a non-invasive, non-contact and non-destructive

technique used to determine thermal properties and features of any object of interest and therefore it can be used in many fields, where heat is generated or lost in space and time. Potential use

of thermal remote sensing in agriculture includes nursery and greenhouse monitoring, irrigation

scheduling, plants disease detection, estimating fruit yield, evaluating maturity of fruits and

bruise detection in fruits and vegetables. This paper reviews the application of thermal imaging in

agriculture and its potential use in various agricultural practices.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BUREGEYA2014289,

title = {Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Global Context},

author = {Egide Buregeya and Robert A Fowler and Daniel S Talmor and Theogene Twagirumugabe and Willy Kiviri and Elisabeth D Riviello},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211816014026076},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2014.08.003},

issn = {2211-8160},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Global Heart},

volume = {9},

number = {3},

pages = {289 - 295},

abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinically defined syndrome of hypoxia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates due to inflammatory pathways triggered by pulmonary and nonpulmonary insults, and ARDS is pathologically correlated with diffuse alveolar damage. Estimates of ARDS's impact in the developed world vary widely, with some of the discrepancies attributed to marked differences in the availability of intensive care beds and mechanical ventilation. Almost nothing is known about the epidemiology of ARDS in the developing world, in part due to a clinical definition requiring positive pressure ventilation, arterial blood gases, and chest radiography. Current frameworks for comparing the epidemiology of death and disability across the world including the GBD (Global Burden of Disease Study) 2010 are ill-suited to quantifying critical illness syndromes including ARDS. Modifications to the definition of ARDS to allow a provision for environments without the capacity for positive pressure ventilation, and to allow for alternate diagnostic techniques including pulse oximetry and ultrasound, may make it possible to quantify and describe the impact of ARDS in the global context.},

note = {Critical Care in Resource-Limited Settings},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LOCATELLI2014510,

title = {How can System Engineering Improve Supplier Management in Megaprojects?},

author = {Giorgio Locatelli and Mauro Mancini and Alice Ishimwe},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281402148X},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.057},

issn = {1877-0428},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences},

volume = {119},

pages = {510 - 518},

abstract = {Megaprojects are frequently delivered with very poor project management performance. Poor performance consists of cost and time escalation, poor outcome quality and shortfall benefits. This is due to several reasons such as intrinsic complexity, biased forecasts, conscious misinformation about costs and benefits, poor stakeholder management. Concerning project stakeholders there are three main criticalities: (1) opportunistic behaviour; (2) lack of skills and know-how; and (3) poor communication and coordination. Systems Engineering (SE) is both a technical and managerial approach to manage complex projects, in particular megaprojects. SE can enable project managers to properly manage stakeholders optimizing the trade-off between a short project planning and a detailed holistic stakeholder analysis. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework enabling managers: (1) to select and manage suppliers in order to enforce supplier coordination and to prevent opportunistic behaviour; and (2) to decide how to involve suppliers in different projects, present or future, considering past projects performance.},

note = {Selected papers from the 27th IPMA (International Project Management Association), World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2013},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Muhirwa2010,

title = {Characterization of wastewater from an Abattoir in Rwanda and the impact on downstream water quality},

author = {Muhirwa, Déogratias; Nhapi, Innocent; Wali, Umaru G.; Banadda, Noble; Kashaigili, Japhet; Kimwaga, Richard},

url = {https://sciespace.zeolf.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Characterization-of-wastewater-from-an-Abattoir-in-Rwanda-and-the-impact-on-downstream-water-quality-1.pdf},

issn = {0973-7308},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Ecology & Development },

volume = {16},

number = {S10},

pages = {31-46},

abstract = {This study analyzed processes and products at Nyabugogo Abattoir in Kigali, Rwanda, and investigated how they can be optimized for environmental safety. The average capacity of the abattoir is 566 cattle and 1,512 goats and sheep slaughtered per week. The study assessed the quantity and quality of different raw materials, by-products and wastewater streams and the potential impacts of applying cleaner production principles in abattoir processes. The samples were collected fortnightly, and analyzed using Standard Methods. The analysis emphasized on nutrients, biologically active constituents, and receiving water impacts. The data were processed for trends and variance using SPSS computer package. The wastewater parameters analyzed are temperature, salinity, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen pH, TSS, TDS, BOD5, COD, fat oils and grease, NO3-N, TKN, total phosphorus, chloride, calcium and total coliforms. The findings showed that the abattoir wastewater streams' total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) ranged from (7,533±723) for evisceration to (23,778±1,673) mgl-1 from slaughtering step and the discharge into Mpazi River increased its TCOD from (213±29) to (852±94) mgl-1. The TSS varied between 2,452±51 from the slaughter process and 5,252±174 mgl-1 for the effluent from the goat and sheep slaughter section. Results from the bacteriological analysis showed that the average abattoir wastewater discharge count was (560±81)105 cfu/100ml of total coliforms which increased from (2.8±0.58)105 to (8.2±0.86)105 cfu/100 ml. It was concluded that the current effluent quality is not suitable for discharge into watercourses. It was recommended that further treatment of the effluent is required coupled with the application of cleaner production principles.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Montuelle2009,

title = {Inertial feeding in the teiid lizard Tupinambis merianae: the effect of prey size on the movements of hyolingual apparatus and the cranio-cervical system},

author = {Stéphane J. Montuelle, Anthony Herrel, Vicky Schaerlaeken, Keith A. Metzger, Alexandre Mutuyeyezu, Vincent L. Bels},

url = {https://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/16/2501.short},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-05-21},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology 2009 212: 2501-2510; doi: 10.1242/jeb.026336},

pages = {10},

abstract = {In most terrestrial tetrapods, the transport of prey through the oral cavity is accomplished by movements of the hyolingual

apparatus. Morphological specializations of the tongue in some lizard taxa are thought to be associated with the evolution of

vomerolfaction as the main prey detection mode. Moreover, specializations of the tongue are hypothesized to compromise the

efficiency of the tongue during transport; thus, driving the evolution of inertial transport. Here we use a large teiid lizard,

Tupinambis merianae, as a model system to test the mechanical link between prey size and the use of inertial feeding. We

hypothesize that an increase in prey size will lead to the increased recruitment of the cranio-cervical system for prey transport

and a reduced involvement of the tongue and the hyolingual apparatus. Discriminant analyses of the kinematics of the craniocervical, jaw and hyolingual systems show that the transport of large prey is indeed associated with a greater utilization of the

cranio-cervical system (i.e. neck and head positioning). The tongue retains a kinematic pattern characteristic of lingual transport

in other lizards but only when processing small prey. Our data provide evidence for an integration of the hyolingual and craniocervical systems; thus, providing partial support for an evolutionary scenario whereby the specialization of the tongue for chemoreception has resulted in the evolution of inertial transport strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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title = {sfjksdhfjdskfhdksjlfhdsjkfhjdjf},

author = {fhdjksfhdsjkf},

editor = {fhdsjkfhdsjfdsjfjdshf},

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isbn = {1527152673},

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volume = {fshfjskd},

number = {12},

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keywords = {},

pubstate = {forthcoming},

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}